Concrete
Early cementitious concrete-like building materials: heat-produced lime or plaster binders combined with mineral substrates, aggregates, or floor layers to create durable architectural slabs and surfaces.
Core metadata
- ID: concrete
- Era: Ancient
- First known date: -7000 (millennium)
- Region: Yiftahel and the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B southern Levant
- Review status: source_checked
- Maturity: established
Prerequisites
Dependents
- Arch Bridge Construction (arch_bridge_construction)
- Layered Roman Road Surfaces (concrete_road_surfaces)
- Insulae (Apartment Blocks) (insulae_apartment_blocks)
- Reinforced Concrete (reinforced_concrete)
- Roman Concrete (Opus Caementicium) (roman_concrete_opus_caementicium)
- Water Distribution Pipes (water_distribution_pipes)
Fields
Field lanes
- Materials Science & Manufacturing: Ceramics & Glass
- Civil Engineering & Built Environment: Construction Materials
Node sources
- Prehistory of concrete (Concrete International / American Concrete Institute, 1991, review) • Supports: node, maturity
- A Plastered Floor from the Neolithic Village, Yiftahel (Israel) (Paleorient, 1991, primary_paper) • Supports: node, maturity, edge
- Plaster Characterization at the PPNB Site of Yiftahel (Israel) (Radiocarbon / Cambridge University Press, 2012, primary_paper) • Supports: node, maturity, edge
Prerequisite edge evidence
Edge/source evidence summary:
- Prerequisite edges: 2
- Average edge confidence: 79%
- Prerequisite sources: 4
- primary_source: 2
| Prerequisite | Type | Confidence | Evidence level | Note | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fire Control (fire_control) | required | 86% | primary_source | The Yiftahel plaster-floor source says 7th-millennium lime production required controlled calcination at roughly 800-900 C for days, making high-temperature fire control intrinsic to early cementitious binders. |
|
| Mining (mining) | enabling | 72% | primary_source | Early lime-plaster and concrete-like floors required limestone/chalk and other mineral materials; deliberate mineral extraction or collection enabled reliable binder and aggregate supply without being the full technology itself. |
|
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