Mining
Deliberate extraction of minerals and geological materials from surface pits, open workings, and shallow mine contexts, initially including ochre and hematite.
Core metadata
- ID: mining
- Era: Ancient
- First known date: -43000 (millennium)
- Region: Ngwenya / Lion Cavern, Eswatini and comparable early mineral-extraction contexts
- Review status: source_checked
- Maturity: established
Prerequisites
Dependents
- Advanced Metallurgy (Medieval) (advanced_metallurgy_medieval)
- Alchemy (alchemy)
- Aluminum Production (Hall-Héroult) (aluminum_production_hall_heroult)
- Basic Chemistry (Early Forms) (basic_chemistry_early_forms)
- Chemical Fertilizers (chemical_fertilizers)
- Coal Mining (coal_mining)
- Coal Tar Distillation (coal_tar_distillation)
- Compass (compass)
- Concrete (concrete)
- Copper Wiring Production (copper_wiring_production)
- Currency (currency)
- Dynamite (dynamite)
- Geology (geology)
- Glassmaking (glassmaking)
- Lead Working (lead_working)
- Lithium-Ion Batteries (Rechargeable Power) (lithium_ion_batteries_rechargeable_power)
- Masonry (masonry)
- Metal Coinage (metal_coinage)
- Oil Drilling (oil_drilling)
- Roman Concrete (Opus Caementicium) (roman_concrete_opus_caementicium)
- Semiconductors (semiconductors)
- Silver Halide Chemistry (silver_nitrate_chemistry)
- Basic Smelting (smelting_basic)
- Steam Engine (steam_engine)
- Tungsten Filament Production (tungsten_filament_production)
- Volcanic Ash Utilization (volcanic_ash_utilization)
Fields
- None.
Node sources
- Ngwenya Mines (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2008, official_agency) • Supports: node, maturity, edge
Prerequisite edge evidence
Edge/source evidence summary:
- Prerequisite edges: 1
- Average edge confidence: 82%
- Prerequisite sources: 1
- review: 1
| Prerequisite | Type | Confidence | Evidence level | Note | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stone Tool Making (stone_tool_making) | required | 82% | review | The UNESCO description identifies specialized Stone Age choppers, picks, and hammers as mining tools at Ngwenya, making stone-tool capability intrinsic to the early mining scope. |
|
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